Traditionally, reverse osmosis (RO) and ion exchange have been used to treat groundwater for contaminants such as nitrate, perchlorate and hexavalent chromium, while VOCs are typically removed using granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption or air stripping.
Now alternatives are emerging in the form of biological treatments. One of these is the BIOTTTA (Biologically Tailored Two-Stage Treatment Approach) from Carollo Engineers. It takes biological treatment concepts long proven on the wastewater treatment side and applies them — with major differences — to groundwater treatment.
Carollo has been running bench-scale testing and pilot plants using
